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examination 音標拼音: [ɪgz ,æmən'eʃən] n. 考試,考查,檢查,審查 考試,考查,檢查,審查 examination*檢查 examination n 1: the act of examining something closely ( as for mistakes) [ synonym: { examination}, { scrutiny}] 2: a set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge; " when the test was stolen the professor had to make a new set of questions" [ synonym: { examination}, { exam}, { test}] 3: formal systematic questioning [ synonym: { interrogation}, { examination}, { interrogatory}] 4: a detailed inspection of your conscience ( as done daily by Jesuits) [ synonym: { examen}, { examination}] 5: the act of giving students or candidates a test ( as by questions) to determine what they know or have learned [ synonym: { examination}, { testing}] Test \ Test\, n. [ OE. test test, or cupel, potsherd, F. t[^ e] t, from L. testum an earthen vessel; akin to testa a piece of burned clay, an earthen pot, a potsherd, perhaps for tersta, and akin to torrere to patch, terra earth ( cf. { Thirst}, and { Terrace}), but cf. Zend tasta cup. Cf. { Test} a shell, { Testaceous}, { Tester} a covering, a coin, { Testy}, { T[^ e] te-[` a]- t[^ e] te}.] 1. ( Metal.) A cupel or cupelling hearth in which precious metals are melted for trial and refinement. [ 1913 Webster] Our ingots, tests, and many mo. -- Chaucer. [ 1913 Webster] 2. Examination or trial by the cupel; hence, any critical examination or decisive trial; as, to put a man' s assertions to a test. " Bring me to the test." -- Shak. [ 1913 Webster] 3. Means of trial; as, absence is a test of love. [ 1913 Webster] Each test every light her muse will bear. -- Dryden. [ 1913 Webster] 4. That with which anything is compared for proof of its genuineness; a touchstone; a standard. [ 1913 Webster] Life, force, and beauty must to all impart, At once the source, and end, and test of art. -- Pope. [ 1913 Webster] 5. Discriminative characteristic; standard of judgment; ground of admission or exclusion. [ 1913 Webster] Our test excludes your tribe from benefit. -- Dryden. [ 1913 Webster] 6. Judgment; distinction; discrimination. [ 1913 Webster] Who would excel, when few can make a test Betwixt indifferent writing and the best? -- Dryden. [ 1913 Webster] 7. ( Chem.) A reaction employed to recognize or distinguish any particular substance or constituent of a compound, as the production of some characteristic precipitate; also, the reagent employed to produce such reaction; thus, the ordinary test for sulphuric acid is the production of a white insoluble precipitate of barium sulphate by means of some soluble barium salt. [ 1913 Webster] 8. A set of questions to be answered or problems to be solved, used as a means to measure a person' s knowledge, aptitude, skill, intelligence, etc.; in school settings, synonymous with { examination} or { exam}; as, an intelligence test. Also used attributively; as a test score, test results. [ PJC] { Test act} ( Eng. Law), an act of the English Parliament prescribing a form of oath and declaration against transubstantiation, which all officers, civil and military, were formerly obliged to take within six months after their admission to office. They were obliged also to receive the sacrament according to the usage of the Church of England. -- Blackstone. { Test object} ( Optics), an object which tests the power or quality of a microscope or telescope, by requiring a certain degree of excellence in the instrument to determine its existence or its peculiar texture or markings. { Test paper}. ( a) ( Chem.) Paper prepared for use in testing for certain substances by being saturated with a reagent which changes color in some specific way when acted upon by those substances; thus, litmus paper is turned red by acids, and blue by alkalies, turmeric paper is turned brown by alkalies, etc. ( b) ( Law) An instrument admitted as a standard or comparison of handwriting in those jurisdictions in which comparison of hands is permitted as a mode of proving handwriting. { Test tube}. ( Chem.) ( a) A simple tube of thin glass, closed at one end, for heating solutions and for performing ordinary reactions. ( b) A graduated tube. [ 1913 Webster] Syn: Criterion; standard; experience; proof; experiment; trial. Usage: { Test}, { Trial}. Trial is the wider term; test is a searching and decisive trial. It is derived from the Latin testa ( earthen pot), which term was early applied to the fining pot, or crucible, in which metals are melted for trial and refinement. Hence the peculiar force of the word, as indicating a trial or criterion of the most decisive kind. [ 1913 Webster] I leave him to your gracious acceptance, whose trial shall better publish his commediation. -- Shak. [ 1913 Webster] Thy virtue, prince, has stood the test of fortune, Like purest gold, that tortured in the furnace, Comes out more bright, and brings forth all its weight. -- Addison. [ 1913 Webster]
Examination \ Ex* am` i* na" tion\, n. [ L. examinatio: cf. F. examination.] 1. The act of examining, or state of being examined; a careful search, investigation, or inquiry; scrutiny by study or experiment. [ 1913 Webster] 2. A process prescribed or assigned for testing qualification; as, the examination of a student, or of a candidate for admission to the bar or the ministry. [ 1913 Webster] He neglected the studies, . . . stood low at the examinations. -- Macaulay. [ 1913 Webster] { Examination in chief}, or { Direct examination} ( Law), that examination which is made of a witness by a party calling him. { Cross- examination}, that made by the opposite party. { Re[" e] xamination}, or { Re- direct examination}, ( Law) that questioning of a witness at trial made by the party calling the witness, after, and upon matters arising out of, the cross- examination; also called informally { re- direct}. Syn: Search; inquiry; investigation; research; scrutiny; inquisition; inspection; exploration. [ 1913 Webster] 169 Moby Thesaurus words for " examination": Pap test, Socratic method, airing, analysis, anatomic diagnosis, appraisal, article, asking, assessment, assize, audition, biological diagnosis, biopsy, blue book, bringing into question, buzz session, canvassing, catechetical method, catechism, catechization, catechizing, causerie, challenge, change of venue, checkout, clinical diagnosis, colloquium, conference, consideration, contemplation, court- martial, cross- examination, cytodiagnosis, debate, debating, deliberation, descant, diagnosis, dialectic, dialogue, differential diagnosis, digital examination, discourse, discussion, dispute, disquisition, dissertation, electrocardiography, electroencephalography, electromyography, enquiry, essay, etude, exam, examen, exchange of views, excursus, exploration, exposition, eyeball inspection, feature, final, final examination, first approach, forum, going- over, great go, grilling, hearing, homily, honors, inquest, inquiring, inquiry, inquisition, inspection, interpellation, interrogation, introductory study, investigation, joint discussion, jury trial, laboratory diagnosis, logical analysis, logical discussion, lucubration, mammography, memoir, midsemester, midterm, mistrial, monograph, morceau, note, ocular inspection, open discussion, open forum, oral, oral examination, outline, overhaul, overhauling, overview, pandect, panel discussion, paper, paragraph, perlustration, perusal, physical diagnosis, physical examination, piece, postmortem diagnosis, prelim, preliminary study, probe, probing, prolegomenon, pumping, quality control, querying, questioning, quiz, quizzing, rap, rap session, research, research paper, review, run- through, scan, screed, scrutiny, search, seeking, seminar, serodiagnosis, sketch, smear, special article, study, survey, symposium, take- home examination, term paper, test, testing, the eye, theme, thesis, third degree, town meeting, tract, tractate, treatise, treatment, trial, trial by jury, tripos, urinalysis, uroscopy, ventilation, vetting, visitation, visual examination, viva, work- up, written, written examinationEXAMINATION, crim. law. By the common law no one is bound to accuse himself. Nemo tenetur prodere seipsum. In England, by the statutes of Philip and Mary, ( 1 & 2 P. & M. c. 13; 2 & 3 P. & M. c. 10,) the principles of which have been adopted in several of the United States, the justices before whom any person shall be brought, charged with any of the crimes therein mentioned, shall take the examination of the prisoner, as well is that of the witnesses, in writing, which the magistrates shall subscribe, and deliver to the officer of the court where the trial is to be had. The signature of the prisoner, when not specially required by statute, is not indispensable, though it is proper to obtain it, when it can be obtained. 1 Chit. Cr. Law, 87; 2 Leach, Cr. Cas. 625. 2. It will be proper to consider, 1. The requisites of such examination. 2. How it is to be proved. 3. Its effects. 3.- 1. It is required that it should, 1st. Be voluntarily made, without any compulsion of any kind; and, 2d. It must be reduced to writing. 1st. The law is particularly solicitous to let the prisoner be free in making declarations in his examination; and if the prisoner has not been left entirely free, or did not consider himself to be so, or if he did not feel at liberty wholly to decline any explanation or declaration whatever, the examination is not considered voluntary, and the writing cannot be read in evidence against him, nor can parol evidence be received of what the prisoner said on the occasion. 5 C. & P. 812; 7 C. & P. 177; 1 Stark. R. 242; 6 Penn. Law Journ. 120. The prisoner, of course, cannot be sworn, and make his statement under oath. Bull. N. P. 242; 4 Hawk. P. C. book 2, c. 46, Sec. 37; 4 C. & P. 564. 2a. The statute requires that the examination shall be reduced to writing, or so much as may be material, and the law presumes the magistrate did his duty and took down all that was material. Joy on Conf. 89- 92; 1 Greenl. Ev. Sec. 227. The prisoner need not sign the examination so reduced to writing, to give it validity; but, if being asked to sign it, he absolutely refuse, it will be considered incomplete. 2 Stark. R. 483; 2 Leach, Cr. Cas. 627, n. 4.- 2. The certificate of the magistrate is conclusive evidence of the manner in which the examination was conducted. 7 C. & P. 177; 9 C. & P. 124; 1 Stark. R. 242. Before it can be given in evidence, its identity must be proved, as well as the identity of the prisoner. When the prisoner has signed the examination, proof of his handwriting is sufficient evidence that he has read it; but if he has merely made his mark, or not signed it at all, the magistrate or clerk must identify the prisoner, and prove that the writing was duly read to him, and that he assented to it. l Greenl. Ev. Sec. 520; 1 M. & Rob. 395. 5.- 3. The effect of such an examination, when properly taken and proved, is sufficient to found a conviction. 1 Greenl. Ev. Sec. 216.
EXAMINATION, practice. The interrogation of a witness, in order to ascertain his knowledge as to the facts in dispute between parties. When the examination is made by the party who called the witness, it is called an examination in chief. When it is made by the other party, it is known by the name of cross- examination. ( q. v.) 2. The examination is to be made in open court, when practicable; but when,: on account of age, sickness, or other cause, the witness cannot be so examined, then it may be made before authorized commissioners. In the examination in chief the counsel cannot ask leading questions, except in particular cases. Vide Cross- examination; Leading question. 3. The laws of the several states require the private examination of a feme covert before a competent officer, in order to pass her title to her own real estate or the interest she has in that of her husband: as to the mode in which this is to be done, see Acknowledgment. See, also, 3 Call, R. 394; 5 Mason' s R. 59; 1 Hill, R. 110; 4 Leigh, R. 498; 2 Gill & John. 1; 3 Rand. R. 468 1 Monr. R. 49; 3 Monr. R. 397; 1 Edw. R. 572; 3 Yerg. R. 548 1 Yerg. R. 413 3 J. J. Marsh. R. 241 2 A. K. Marsh. R. 67; 6 Wend. R. 9; 1 Dall. 11, 17; 3 Yeates, R. 471; 8 S. & R. 299; 4 S. & R. 273.
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