Geographic coordinate system - Wikipedia A geographic coordinate system (GCS) is a spherical or geodetic coordinate system for measuring and communicating positions directly on Earth as latitude and longitude [1] It is the simplest, oldest, and most widely used type of the various spatial reference systems that are in use, and forms the basis for most others Although latitude and longitude form a coordinate tuple like a cartesian
Geographical distance - Wikipedia Geographical distance or geodetic distance is the distance measured along the surface of the Earth, or the shortest arch length The formulae in this article calculate distances between points which are defined by geographical coordinates in terms of latitude and longitude This distance is an element in solving the second (inverse) geodetic
Latitude - Wikipedia The definitions of latitude and longitude on such reference surfaces are detailed in the following sections Lines of constant latitude and longitude together constitute a graticule on the reference surface
Longitude - Wikipedia Longitude ( ˈlɒndʒɪtjuːd , AU and UK also ˈlɒŋɡɪ - ) [1][2] is a geographic coordinate that specifies the east - west position of a point on the surface of the Earth, or another celestial body It is an angular measurement, usually expressed in degrees and denoted by the Greek letter lambda (λ) Meridians are imaginary semicircular lines running from pole to pole that connect
Spherical coordinate system - Wikipedia According to the conventions of geographical coordinate systems, positions are measured by latitude, longitude, and height (altitude) There are a number of celestial coordinate systems based on different fundamental planes and with different terms for the various coordinates
Geodetic coordinates - Wikipedia Geodetic latitude and geocentric latitude have different definitions Geodetic latitude is defined as the angle between the equatorial plane and the surface normal at a point on the ellipsoid, whereas geocentric latitude is defined as the angle between the equatorial plane and a radial line connecting the centre of the ellipsoid to a point on the surface (see figure) When used without
Grade (slope) - Wikipedia In cases where the difference between sin and tan is significant, the tangent is used In either case, the following identity holds for all inclinations up to 90 degrees: Or more simply, one can calculate the horizontal run by using the Pythagorean theorem, after which it is trivial to calculate the (standard math) slope or the grade
Geographic coordinate conversion - Wikipedia In geodesy, conversion among different geographic coordinate systems is made necessary by the different geographic coordinate systems in use across the world and over time Coordinate conversion is composed of a number of different types of conversion: format change of geographic coordinates, conversion of coordinate systems, or transformation to different geodetic datums Geographic