Entry of spores into intestinal epithelial cells contributes to . . . Here, we show that C difficile spores gain entry into the intestinal mucosa via pathways dependent on host fibronectin-α 5 β 1 and vitronectin-α v β 1 The exosporium protein BclA3, on the spore surface, is required for both entry pathways
Clostridioides difficile Toxins: Host Cell Interactions and Their Role . . . Toxin B (TcdB), a cytotoxin, causes cell damage and apoptosis by disrupting the host cell cytoskeleton, resulting in cell death and significant colonic mucosa damage Additionally, C difficile transferase (CDT), also known as binary toxin, disrupts the actin cytoskeleton, enhancing the pathogenicity of hypervirulent strains by promoting
Understanding host immune responses in Clostridioides difficile . . . Intestinal immune system In a healthy state, goblet cells secrete mucus to protect intestinal epithelial cells from bacterial exposure Additionally, Paneth cells release antimicrobial peptides, including α-defensins, while IgA is synthesized to enhance defense against luminal microbiota
Entry of spores into intestinal epithelial cells contributes to . . . Here, we show that C difficile spores gain entry into the intestinal mucosa via pathways dependent on host fibronectin-α 5 β 1 and vitronectin-α v β 1 The exosporium protein BclA3, on the spore surface, is required for both entry pathways
The host immune response to Clostridium difficile infection C difficile toxins act quickly on the intestinal epithelial cells, causing loss of tight junctions, cell detachment and necrosis in order to breach the protective mucosal barrier [Sun et al 2009; Genth et al 2008] The host needs to respond rapidly to prevent further cellular damage and dissemination of toxins into the blood stream
Effects of Clostridium difficile toxins on epithelial cell barrier Evidence presented here indicates that C difficile toxins compromise the epithelial cell barrier by at least two pathophysiologic pathways, one involving disaggregation of actin microfilaments in colonocytes via glucosylation of the Rho family of proteins leading to epithelial cell destruction and opening of the tight junctions, whereas the
Reinforcement of the Intestinal Mucus Layer Protects Against . . . Attributable factors include virulence factors, including C difficile toxins A and B, as well as host immunologic status The mucus component of the intestinal barrier is impaired by malnutrition, shock insults, and alterations in the gut microbiome