agriculture 音標拼音: ['ægrɪk
, ʌltʃɚ]
n .
U 農業
U 農業
agriculture n 1 :
a large -
scale farming enterprise [
synonym : {
agribusiness },
{
agriculture }, {
factory farm }]
2 :
the practice of cultivating the land or raising stock [
synonym :
{
farming }, {
agriculture }, {
husbandry }]
3 :
the federal department that administers programs that provide services to farmers (
including research and soil conservation and efforts to stabilize the farming economy );
created in 1862 [
synonym : {
Department of Agriculture }, {
Agriculture Department }, {
Agriculture }, {
USDA }]
4 :
the class of people engaged in growing food Agriculture \
Ag "
ri *
cul `
ture \ (?;
135 ),
n . [
L .
agricultura ;
ager field cultura cultivation :
cf .
F .
agriculture .
See {
Acre }
and {
Culture }.]
The art or science of cultivating the ground ,
including the harvesting of crops ,
and the rearing and management of live stock ;
tillage ;
husbandry ;
farming .
[
1913 Webster ]
23 Moby Thesaurus words for "
agriculture ":
Ceres ,
Cora ,
Demeter ,
Dionysos ,
Dionysus ,
Flora ,
Frey ,
Gaea ,
Gaia ,
Kore ,
Persephassa ,
Persephone ,
Pomona ,
Proserpina ,
Proserpine ,
Triptolemos ,
Triptolemus ,
corn god ,
farming ,
fertility god ,
forest god ,
husbandry ,
vegetation spirit Agriculture Tilling the ground (
Gen .
2 :
15 ;
4 :
2 ,
3 ,
12 )
and rearing cattle were the chief employments in ancient times .
The Egyptians excelled in agriculture .
And after the Israelites entered into the possession of the Promised Land ,
their circumstances favoured in the highest degree a remarkable development of this art .
Agriculture became indeed the basis of the Mosaic commonwealth .
The year in Palestine was divided into six agricultural periods :-
I .
SOWING TIME .
Tisri ,
latter half (
beginning about the autumnal equinox .)
Marchesvan .
Kisleu ,
former half .
Early rain due =
first showers of autumn .
II .
UNRIPE TIME .
Kisleu ,
latter half .
Tebet .
Sebat ,
former half .
III .
COLD SEASON .
Sebat ,
latter half .
Adar .
[
Veadar .]
Nisan ,
former half .
Latter rain due (
Deut .
11 :
14 ;
Jer .
5 :
24 ;
Hos .
6 :
3 ;
Zech .
10 :
1 ;
James 5 :
7 ;
Job 29 :
23 ).
IV .
HARVEST TIME .
Nisan ,
latter half .
(
Beginning about vernal equinox .
Barley green .
Passover .)
Ijar .
Sivan ,
former half .,
Wheat ripe .
Pentecost .
V .
SUMMER (
total absence of rain )
Sivan ,
latter half .
Tammuz .
Ab ,
former half .
VI .
SULTRY SEASON Ab ,
latter half .
Elul .
Tisri ,
former half .,
Ingathering of fruits .
The six months from the middle of Tisri to the middle of Nisan were occupied with the work of cultivation ,
and the rest of the year mainly with the gathering in of the fruits .
The extensive and easily -
arranged system of irrigation from the rills and streams from the mountains made the soil in every part of Palestine richly productive (
Ps .
1 :
3 ;
65 :
10 ;
Prov .
21 :
1 ;
Isa .
30 :
25 ;
32 :
2 ,
20 ;
Hos .
12 :
11 ),
and the appliances of careful cultivation and of manure increased its fertility to such an extent that in the days of Solomon ,
when there was an abundant population , "
20 ,
000 measures of wheat year by year "
were sent to Hiram in exchange for timber (
1 Kings 5 :
11 ),
and in large quantities also wheat was sent to the Tyrians for the merchandise in which they traded (
Ezek .
27 :
17 ).
The wheat sometimes produced an hundredfold (
Gen .
26 :
12 ;
Matt .
13 :
23 ).
Figs and pomegranates were very plentiful (
Num .
13 :
23 ),
and the vine and the olive grew luxuriantly and produced abundant fruit (
Deut .
33 :
24 ).
Lest the productiveness of the soil should be exhausted ,
it was enjoined that the whole land should rest every seventh year ,
when all agricultural labour would entirely cease (
Lev .
25 :
1 -
7 ;
Deut .
15 :
1 -
10 ).
It was forbidden to sow a field with divers seeds (
Deut .
22 :
9 ).
A passer -
by was at liberty to eat any quantity of corn or grapes ,
but he was not permitted to carry away any (
Deut .
23 :
24 ,
25 ;
Matt .
12 :
1 ).
The poor were permitted to claim the corners of the fields and the gleanings .
A forgotten sheaf in the field was to be left also for the poor . (
See Lev .
19 :
9 ,
10 ;
Deut .
24 :
19 .)
Agricultural implements and operations .
The sculptured monuments and painted tombs of Egypt and Assyria throw much light on this subject ,
and on the general operations of agriculture .
Ploughs of a simple construction were known in the time of Moses (
Deut .
22 :
10 ;
comp .
Job 1 :
14 ).
They were very light ,
and required great attention to keep them in the ground (
Luke 9 :
62 ).
They were drawn by oxen (
Job 1 :
14 ),
cows (
1 Sam .
6 :
7 ),
and asses (
Isa .
30 :
24 );
but an ox and an ass must not be yoked together in the same plough (
Deut .
22 :
10 ).
Men sometimes followed the plough with a hoe to break the clods (
Isa .
28 :
24 ).
The oxen were urged on by a "
goad ,"
or long staff pointed at the end ,
so that if occasion arose it could be used as a spear also (
Judg .
3 :
31 ;
1 Sam .
13 :
21 ).
When the soil was prepared ,
the seed was sown broadcast over the field (
Matt .
13 :
3 -
8 ).
The "
harrow "
mentioned in Job 39 :
10 was not used to cover the seeds ,
but to break the clods ,
being little more than a thick block of wood .
In highly irrigated spots the seed was trampled in by cattle (
Isa .
32 :
20 );
but doubtless there was some kind of harrow also for covering in the seed scattered in the furrows of the field .
The reaping of the corn was performed either by pulling it up by the roots ,
or cutting it with a species of sickle ,
according to circumstances .
The corn when cut was generally put up in sheaves (
Gen .
37 :
7 ;
Lev .
23 :
10 -
15 ;
Ruth 2 :
7 ,
15 ;
Job 24 :
10 ;
Jer .
9 :
22 ;
Micah 4 :
12 ),
which were afterwards gathered to the threshing -
floor or stored in barns (
Matt .
6 :
26 ).
The process of threshing was performed generally by spreading the sheaves on the threshing -
floor and causing oxen and cattle to tread repeatedly over them (
Deut .
25 :
4 ;
Isa .
28 :
28 ).
On occasions flails or sticks were used for this purpose (
Ruth 2 :
17 ;
Isa .
28 :
27 ).
There was also a "
threshing instrument " (
Isa .
41 :
15 ;
Amos 1 :
3 )
which was drawn over the corn .
It was called by the Hebrews a moreg ,
a threshing roller or sledge (
2 Sam .
24 :
22 ;
1 Chr .
21 :
23 ;
Isa .
3 :
15 ).
It was somewhat like the Roman tribulum ,
or threshing instrument .
When the grain was threshed ,
it was winnowed by being thrown up against the wind (
Jer .
4 :
11 ),
and afterwards tossed with wooden scoops (
Isa .
30 :
24 ).
The shovel and the fan for winnowing are mentioned in Ps .
35 :
5 ,
Job 21 :
18 ,
Isa .
17 :
13 .
The refuse of straw and chaff was burned (
Isa .
5 :
24 ).
Freed from impurities ,
the grain was then laid up in granaries till used (
Deut .
28 :
8 ;
Prov .
3 :
10 ;
Matt .
6 :
26 ;
13 :
30 ;
Luke 12 :
18 ).
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