ratification 音標拼音: [r
, ætəfək'eʃən]
n . 批準,承認,認可
批准,承認,認可
ratification n 1 :
making something valid by formally ratifying or confirming it ; "
the ratification of the treaty "; "
confirmation of the appointment " [
synonym : {
ratification }, {
confirmation }]
Ratification \
Rat `
i *
fi *
ca "
tion \
(
r [
a ^]
t `[
i ^]*
f [
i ^]*
k [=
a ]"
sh [
u ^]
n ),
n . [
Cf .
F .
ratification .]
The act of ratifying ;
the state of being ratified ;
confirmation ;
sanction ;
as ,
the ratification of a treaty .
[
1913 Webster ]
84 Moby Thesaurus words for "
ratification ":
John Hancock ,
OK ,
acceptance ,
accord ,
acquiescence ,
affirmance ,
affirmation ,
affirmative ,
affirmative voice ,
agreement ,
approbation ,
approval ,
assent ,
attestation ,
authentication ,
authority ,
authorization ,
aye ,
backing ,
backing up ,
bearing out ,
blessing ,
bolstering ,
buttressing ,
certification ,
circumstantiation ,
clearance ,
compliance ,
confirmation ,
connivance ,
consent ,
corroboration ,
corroboratory evidence ,
countenance ,
countersignature ,
documentation ,
eagerness ,
empowerment ,
enabling ,
endorsement ,
enfranchisement ,
entitlement ,
fiat ,
fortification ,
go -
ahead ,
green light ,
imprimatur ,
nod ,
notarization ,
okay ,
permission ,
promptitude ,
promptness ,
proof ,
proving ,
proving out ,
readiness ,
reinforcement ,
rubber stamp ,
sanction ,
seal ,
sigil ,
signature ,
signet ,
stamp ,
stamp of approval ,
strengthening ,
submission ,
subscription ,
substantiation ,
support ,
supporting evidence ,
the nod ,
undergirding ,
ungrudgingness ,
unloathness ,
unreluctance ,
validation ,
verification ,
visa ,
vise ,
warrant ,
warranty ,
willingness RATIFICATION ,
contracts .
An agreement to adopt an act performed by another for us .
2 .
Ratifications are either empress or implied .
The former are made in express and direct terms of assent ;
the latter are such as the law presumes from the acts of the principal ;
as ,
if Peter buy goods for James ,
and the latter ,
knowing the fact ,
receive them and apply them to his own use .
By ratifying a contract a man adopts the agency ,
altogether ,
as well what is detrimental as that which is for his benefit .
2 Str .
R .
859 ;
1 Atk .
128 ;
4 T .
R .
211 ;
7 East ,
R .
164 ;
16 M .
R .
105 ;
1 Ves .
509 Smith on Mer .
L .
60 ;
Story ,
Ag .
Sec .
250 9 B . &
Cr .
59 .
3 .
As a general rule ,
the principal has the right to elect whether he will adopt the unauthorized act or not .
But having once ratified the act ,
upon a full knowledge of all the material circumstances ,
the ratification cannot be revoked or recalled ,
and the principal becomes bound as if he had originally authorized the act .
Story ,
Ag .
Sec .
250 ;
Paley ,
Ag .
by Lloyd ,
171 ;
3 Chit .
Com .
Law ,
197 .
4 .
The ratification of a lawful contract has a retrospective effect ,
and binds the principal from its date ,
and not only from the time of the ratification ,
for the ratification is equivalent to an original authority ,
according to the maxim ,
that omnis ratihabitio mandate aeguiparatur .
Poth .
Ob .
n .
75 ;
Ld .
Raym .
930 ;
Com .
450 ;
5 Burr .
2727 ;
2 H .
Bl .
623 ;
1 B . &
P .
316 ;
13 John .;
R .
367 ;
2 John .
Cas .
424 ;
2 Mass .
R .
106 .
5 .
Such ratification will ,
in general ,
relieve the agent from all responsibility on the contract ,
when be would otherwise have been liable .
2 Brod . &
Bing .
452 .
See 16 Mass .
R .
461 ;
8 Wend .
R .
494 ;
10 Wend .
R .
399 ;
Story ,
Ag .
Sec .
251 .
Vide Assent ,
and Ayl .
Pand . *
386 ;
18 Vin .
Ab .
156 ;
1 Liv .
on ,
Ag .
c .
2 ,
Sec .
4 ,
p .
44 ,
47 ;
Story on Ag .
Sec .
239 ;
3 Chit .
Com .
L .
197 ;
Paley on Ag .
by Lloyd ,
324 ;
Smith on Mer .
L .
47 ,
60 ;
2 John .
Cas .
424 ;
13 Mass .
R .
178 ;
Id .
391 ;
Id .
379 ;
6 Pick .
R .
198 ;
1 Bro .
Ch .
R .
101 ,
note ;
S .
C .
Ambl .
R .
770 ;
1 Pet .
C .
C .
R .
72 ;
Bouv .
Inst .
Index ,
h .
t .
6 .
An infant is not liable on his contracts ;
but if ,
after coming of age ,
he ratify the contract by an actual or express declaration ,
he will be bound to perform it ,
as if it had been made after he attained full age .
The ratification must be voluntary ,
deliberate ,
and intelligent ,
and the party must know that without it ,
he would not be bound .
11 S . &
R .
305 ,
311 ;
3 Penn .
St .
R .
428 .
See 12 Conn .
551 ,
556 ;
10 Mass .
137 ,
140 ;
14 Mass .
457 ;
4 Wend .
403 ,
405 .
But a confirmation or ratification of a contract ,
may be implied from acts of the infant after he becomes of age ;
as by enjoying or claiming a benefit under a contract be might have wholly rescinded ;
1 Pick .
221 ,
22 3 ;
and an infant partner will be liable for the contracts of the firm ,
or at least such as were known to him ,
if he ,
after becoming of age ,
confirm the contract of partnership by transacting business of the firm ,
receiving profits ,
and the like .
2 Hill .
So .
Car .
Rep .
479 ;
1 B .
Moore ,
289 .
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