deviation 音標拼音: [d
, ivi'eʃən]
n . 背離
背離
deviation 偏差
deviation 偏差
deviation n 1 :
a variation that deviates from the standard or norm ; "
the deviation from the mean " [
synonym : {
deviation }, {
divergence },
{
departure }, {
difference }]
2 :
the difference between an observed value and the expected value of a variable or function 3 :
the error of a compass due to local magnetic disturbances 4 :
deviate behavior [
synonym : {
deviation }, {
deviance }]
5 :
a turning aside (
of your course or attention or concern ); "
a diversion from the main highway "; "
a digression into irrelevant details "; "
a deflection from his goal " [
synonym :
{
diversion }, {
deviation }, {
digression }, {
deflection },
{
deflexion }, {
divagation }]
deviation \
de `
vi *
a "
tion \,
n . [
LL .
deviatio :
cf .
F .
d ['
e ]
viation .]
1 .
The act of deviating ;
a wandering from the way ;
variation from the common way ,
from an established rule ,
etc .;
departure ,
as from the right course or the path of duty .
[
1913 Webster ]
2 .
The state or result of having deviated ;
a transgression ;
an act of sin ;
an error ;
an offense .
[
1913 Webster ]
3 . (
Com .)
The voluntary and unnecessary departure of a ship from ,
or delay in ,
the regular and usual course of the specific voyage insured ,
thus releasing the underwriters from their responsibility .
[
1913 Webster ]
4 . (
Statistics ,
Physics )
the difference between an expected value of an observation or measurement and the actual value .
[
PJC ]
{
Deviation of a falling body } (
Physics ),
that deviation from a strictly vertical line of descent which occurs in a body falling freely ,
in consequence of the rotation of the earth .
{
Deviation of the compass },
the angle which the needle of a ship '
s compass makes with the magnetic meridian by reason of the magnetism of the iron parts of the ship .
{
Deviation of the line of the vertical },
the difference between the actual direction of a plumb line and the direction it would have if the earth were a perfect ellipsoid and homogeneous , --
caused by the attraction of a mountain ,
or irregularities in the earth '
s density .
[
1913 Webster ]
309 Moby Thesaurus words for "
deviation ":
aberrance ,
aberrancy ,
aberration ,
abnormality ,
abnormity ,
about -
face ,
accommodation ,
adaptation ,
adjustment ,
allowance ,
alteration ,
ambages ,
amelioration ,
amorphism ,
anamorphism ,
anamorphosis ,
anomalism ,
anomalousness ,
anomaly ,
apostasy ,
approximation ,
asymmetry ,
bend ,
betterment ,
blunder ,
breach ,
break ,
buckle ,
bypass ,
bypath ,
byway ,
capriciousness ,
centrifugence ,
change ,
change of heart ,
changeability ,
changeableness ,
choppiness ,
circling ,
circuit ,
circuition ,
circuitousness ,
circuitry ,
circularity ,
circulation ,
circumambience ,
circumambiency ,
circumambulation ,
circumbendibus ,
circumflexion ,
circumlocution ,
circummigration ,
circumnavigation ,
conceit ,
constructive change ,
continuity ,
contortion ,
contrariety ,
contrast ,
conversion ,
crackpotism ,
crank ,
crankiness ,
crankism ,
crookedness ,
crosswiseness ,
crotchet ,
crotchetiness ,
dappleness ,
decentralization ,
declination ,
defection ,
deflection ,
deflexure ,
degeneration ,
degenerative change ,
departure ,
deployment ,
derangement ,
deterioration ,
detorsion ,
detour ,
deviance ,
deviancy ,
deviousness ,
diagonality ,
difference ,
differentiation ,
differentness ,
digression ,
disaccord ,
disaccordance ,
disagreement ,
disconformity ,
discongruity ,
discontinuity ,
discordance ,
discrepancy ,
discreteness ,
discursion ,
disorder ,
disparity ,
disproportion ,
dissent ,
dissimilarity ,
dissonance ,
distinction ,
distinctness ,
distortion ,
divagation ,
divarication ,
divergence ,
divergency ,
diversification ,
diversion ,
diversity ,
division ,
dottiness ,
double ,
eccentricity ,
episode ,
erraticism ,
erraticness ,
error ,
excursion ,
excursus ,
failing ,
fanning ,
fanning out ,
far cry ,
fault ,
fitting ,
flip -
flop ,
freakiness ,
freakishness ,
gnarl ,
gradual change ,
gyre ,
gyring ,
heterogeneity ,
heteromorphism ,
idiocrasy ,
idiosyncrasy ,
imbalance ,
imprecision ,
improvement ,
inaccordance ,
inaccuracy ,
inaccurateness ,
incompatibility ,
incongruity ,
inconsistency ,
inconsonance ,
inconstancy ,
incorrectness ,
indirection ,
indirectness ,
inequality ,
inexactitude ,
inexactness ,
inferiority ,
inharmoniousness ,
inharmony ,
instability ,
irreconcilability ,
irregularity ,
jerkiness ,
kink ,
knot ,
lapse ,
laxity ,
looseness ,
lopsidedness ,
maggot ,
mannerism ,
meandering ,
melioration ,
mercuriality ,
mitigation ,
mixture ,
modification ,
modulation ,
monstrosity ,
motleyness ,
mutability ,
negligence ,
noncompliance ,
nonconcurrence ,
nonconformance ,
nonconformism ,
nonconformity ,
nonobservance ,
nonstandardization ,
nonuniformity ,
obliqueness ,
obliquity ,
oddity ,
odds ,
opposition ,
orbit ,
orbiting ,
originality ,
otherness ,
overthrow ,
peculiarity ,
pluralism ,
predictable error ,
probable error ,
protest ,
qualification ,
queerness ,
quip ,
quirk ,
quirkiness ,
radical change ,
raggedness ,
re -
creation ,
realignment ,
recalcitrance ,
recusance ,
recusancy ,
redesign ,
reform ,
reformation ,
refractoriness ,
remaking ,
renewal ,
reshaping ,
restructuring ,
reversal ,
revival ,
revivification ,
revolution ,
roundabout ,
roundabout way ,
roundaboutness ,
rounding ,
screw ,
separateness ,
separation ,
shift ,
side path ,
side road ,
sidetrack ,
singularity ,
skewness ,
spiral ,
spiraling ,
splaying ,
spread ,
spreading ,
spreading out ,
squint ,
standard deviation ,
strangeness ,
subnormality ,
sudden change ,
superiority ,
switch ,
tack ,
teratism ,
tolerance ,
torsion ,
tortuosity ,
total change ,
transgression ,
transition ,
transverseness ,
trick ,
turn ,
turnabout ,
turning ,
twist ,
unconformism ,
unconformity ,
unconventionality ,
uncorrectness ,
unevenness ,
unfactualness ,
unlikeness ,
unnaturalism ,
unnaturalness ,
unorthodoxy ,
unpreciseness ,
unrigorousness ,
unsteadiness ,
unsymmetry ,
upheaval ,
vagary ,
variability ,
variance ,
variation ,
variegation ,
variety ,
variousness ,
versatility ,
violation ,
violent change ,
warp ,
wavering ,
wheeling ,
whim ,
whimsicality ,
whimsy ,
worsening ,
wrench ,
wrest ,
wring ,
yaw DEVIATION ,
insurance ,
contracts .
A voluntary departure ,
without necessity ,
or any reasonable cause ,
from the regular and usual course of the voyage insured .
2 .
From the moment this happens ,
the voyage is changed ,
the contract determined ,
and the insurer discharged from all subsequent responsibility .
By the contract ,
the insurer only runs the risk of the contract agreed upon ,
and no other ;
and it is ,
therefore ,
a condition implied in the policy ,
that the ship shall proceed to her port of destination by the .
shortest and safest course ,
and on no account to deviate from that course ,
but in cases of necessity .
1 Mood . &
Rob .
60 ;
17 Ves .
364 ;
3 Bing .
637 ;
12 East ,
578 .
3 .
The effect of a deviation is not to vitiate or avoid the policy ,
but only to determine the liability of the underwriters from the time of the deviation .
If ,
therefore ,
the ship or goods ,
after the voyage has commenced ,
receive damage ,
then the ship deviates ,
and afterwards a loss happen ,
there ,
though the insurer is discharged from the time of the deviation ,
and is not answerable for the subsequent loss ,
yet he is bound to make good the damage sustained previous to the deviation .
2 Lord Raym .
842 2 Salk .
444 .
4 .
But though he is thus discharged from subsequent responsibility ,
he is entitled to retain the whole premium .
Dougl .
271 ;
1 Marsh .
Ins .
183 ;
Park .
Ins .
294 .
See 2 Phil .
Ev .
60 ,
n . (
b )
where the American cases are cited .
5 .
What amounts to a deviation is not easily defined ,
but a departure from the usual course of the voyage ,
or remaining at places where the ship is authorized to touch ,
longer than necessary ,
or doing there what the insured is not authorized to do ;
as ,
if the ship have merely liberty to touch at a point ,
and the insured stay there to trade ,
or break bulk ,
it is a deviation .
4 Dall .
274 1 Peters '
C .
C .
R .
104 ;
Marsh .
Ins .
B .
1 ,
c .
6 ,
s .
2 .
By the course of the voyage is not meant the shortest course the ship can take from her port of departure to her port of destination ,
but the regular and customary track ,
if such there be ,
which long us usage has proved to be the safest and most convenient .
1 Marsh .
Ins .
185 .
See 3 Johns .
Cas .
352 ;
7 T .
R .
162 .
6 .
A deviation that will discharge the insurer ,
must be a voluntary departure from the usual course of the voyage insured ,
and not warranted by any necessity .
If a deviation can be justified by necessity ,
it will not affect the contract ;
and necessity will justify a deviation ,
though it proceed from a cause not insured against .
The cases of necessity which are most frequently adduced to justify a departure from the direct or usual course of the voyage ,
are ,
1st .
Stress of weather .
2d .
The want of necessary repairs .
3d .
Joining convoy .
4th .
Succouring ships in distress .
5th .
Avoiding capture or detention .
6th .
Sickness of the master or mariner .
7th .
Mutiny of the crew .
See Park ,
Ins .
c .
17 ;
1 Bouv .
Inst .
n .
1187 ,
et seq .;
2 John .
Cas .
296 ;
11 Johns .
R .
241 ;
Pet .
C .
C .
R .
98 ;
2 Johns .
Rep .
89 ;
14 Johns .
R .
315 ;
2 Johns .
R .
138 ;
9 Johns .
R .
192 ;
8 Johns .
Rep .
491 ;
13 Mass .
68 13 Mass .
539 ;
Id .
118 ;
14 Mass .
12 1 Johns .
Cas .
313 ;
11 Johns .
R .
241 ;
3 Johns .
R .
352 ;
10 Johns .
R .
83 ;
1 Johns .
R .
301 ;
9 Mass .
436 ,
447 ;
3 Binn .
457 7 Mass .
349 ;
5 Mass .
1 ;
8 Mass .
308 6 Mass .
102 121 6 Mass .
122 7 Cranch ,
26 ;
Id .
487 ;
3 Wheat .
159 7 Mass .
365 ;
10 Mass .
21 Id .
347 7 Johns .
Rep .
864 ;
3 Johns .
R .
352 ;
4 Dall .
R .
274 5 Binn .
403 ;
2 Serg . &
Raw .
309 ;
2 Cranch ,
240 .
DEVIATION ,
contracts .
When a plan has been adopted for a building ,
and in the progress of the work a change has been made from the original plan ,
the change is called a deviation .
2 .
When the contract is to build a house according to the original plan ,
and a deviation takes place ,
the contract shall be traced as far as possible ,
and the additions ,
if any have been made ,
shall be paid for according to the usual rate of charging .
3 Barn . &
Ald .
47 ;
and see 1 Ves .
jr .
60 ;
10 Ves .
jr .
306 ;
14 Ves .
413 ;
13 Ves .
73 ;
Id .
81 6 Johns .
Ch .
R .
38 ;
3 Cranch ,
270 ;
5 Cranch ,
262 ;
3 Ves .
693 ;
7 Ves .
274 ;
Chit .
Contr .
168 ;
9 Pick .
298 .
3 .
The Civil Code of Louisiana ,
art .
2734 ,
provides ,
that when an architect or other workman has undertaken the building of a house by the job ,
according to a plot agreed on between him and the owner of the ground ,
he cannot claim an increase of the price agreed on ,
on the plea of the original plot having been changed and extended ,
unless he can prove that such changes have been made in compliance with the wishes of the proprietor .
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