forgery 音標拼音: [f'ɔrdʒɚi]
n . 偽造,偽造罪,偽造物
偽造,偽造罪,偽造物
forgery n 1 :
a copy that is represented as the original [
synonym :
{
counterfeit }, {
forgery }]
2 :
criminal falsification by making or altering an instrument with intent to defraud Forgery \
For "
ger *
y \,
n .;
pl . {
Forgeries }. [
Cf .
F .
forgerie .]
1 .
The act of forging metal into shape . [
Obs .]
[
1913 Webster ]
Useless the forgery Of brazen shield and spear . --
Milton .
[
1913 Webster ]
2 .
The act of forging ,
fabricating ,
or producing falsely ;
esp .,
the crime of fraudulently making or altering a writing or signature purporting to be made by another ;
the false making or material alteration of or addition to a written instrument for the purpose of deceit and fraud ;
as ,
the forgery of a bond . --
Bouvier .
[
1913 Webster ]
3 .
That which is forged ,
fabricated ,
falsely devised ,
or counterfeited .
[
1913 Webster ]
These are the forgeries of jealously . --
Shak .
[
1913 Webster ]
The writings going under the name of Aristobulus were a forgery of the second century . --
Waterland .
Syn : {
Counterfeit }; {
Forgery }.
Usage :
Counterfeit is chiefly used of imitations of coin ,
or of paper money ,
or of securities depending upon pictorial devices and engraved designs for identity or assurance of genuineness .
Forgery is more properly applied to making a false imitation of an instrument depending on signatures to show genuineness and validity . --
Abbott .
[
1913 Webster ]
86 Moby Thesaurus words for "
forgery ":
bad check ,
bad money ,
base coin ,
bogus money ,
canard ,
certified copy ,
cheat ,
clinquant ,
coinage ,
coining ,
concoction ,
copy ,
copying ,
counterfeit ,
counterfeit money ,
counterfeiting ,
dummy ,
ectype ,
emulation ,
extravaganza ,
fable ,
fabrication ,
fair copy ,
faithful copy ,
fake ,
fakement ,
fakery ,
false money ,
falsification ,
fiction ,
figment ,
following ,
frame -
up ,
fraud ,
fraudulence ,
green goods ,
hit -
off ,
hoax ,
icon ,
image ,
imitation ,
impersonation ,
impostor ,
imposture ,
impression ,
invention ,
junk ,
kite ,
likeness ,
mimesis ,
mintage ,
mirroring ,
mock ,
myth ,
onomatopoeia ,
parody ,
paste ,
pasticcio ,
pastiche ,
phony ,
picture ,
pinchbeck ,
plagiarism ,
plagiary ,
portrait ,
put -
on ,
put -
up job ,
queer ,
repetition ,
representation ,
resemblance ,
rip -
off ,
romance ,
rubber check ,
semblance ,
sham ,
shoddy ,
similitude ,
simulacrum ,
simulation ,
stamping ,
striking ,
swindle ,
takeoff ,
tinsel ,
whited sepulcher FORGERY ,
crim .
law .
Forgery at common law has been held to be "
the fraudulent making and alteration of a writing to the prejudice of another man '
s right ."
4 Bl .
Com .
247 .
By a more modern writer ,
it is defined ,
as "
a false making ;
a making malo animo ,
of any written instrument ,
for the purpose of fraud and deceit ."
2 East ,
P .
C .
852 .
2 .
This offence at common law is of the degree of a misdemeanor .
2 Russell ,
1437 .
There are many kinds of forgery ,
especially subjected to punishment by statutes enacted by the national and state legislatures .
3 .
The subject will be considered ,
with reference ,
1 .
To the making or alteration requisite to constitute forgery .
2 .
The written instruments in respect of which forgery may be committed .
3 .
The fraud and deceit to the prejudice of another man '
s right .
4 .
The statutory provisions under the laws of the United States ,
on the subject of forgery .
4 . -
1 .
The making of a whole written instrument in the name of another with a fraudulent intent is undoubtedly a sufficient making but a fraudulent insertion ,
alteration ,
or erasure ,
even of a letter ,
in any material part of the instrument ,
whereby a new operation is given to it ,
will amount to a forgery ;
and this ,
although it be afterwards executed by a person ignorant of the deceit .
2 East ,
P .
C .
855 .
5 .
The fraudulent application of a true signature to a false instrument for which it was not intended ,
or vice versa ,
will also be a forgery .
For example ,
it is forgery in an individual who is requested to draw a will for a sick person in a particular way ,
instead of doing so ,
to insert legacies of his own head ,
and then procuring the signature of such sick person to be affixed to the paper without revealing to him the legacies thus fraudulently inserted .
Noy ,
101 ;
Moor ,
759 ,
760 ;
3 Inst .
170 ;
1 Hawk .
c .
70 ,
s .
2 ;
2 Russ .
on Cr .
318 ;
Bac .
Ab .
h .
t .
A .
6 .
It has even been intimated by Lord Ellenborough ,
that a party who makes a copy of a receipt ,
and adds to such copy material words not in the original ,
and then offers it in evidence on the ground that the original has been lost ,
may be prosecuted for forgery .
5 Esp .
R .
100 .
7 .
It is a sufficient making where ,
in the writing ,
the party assumes the name and character of a person in existence .
2 Russ .
327 .
But the adoption of a false description and addition ,
where a false name is not assumed ,
and there is no person answering the description ,
is not a forgery .
Russ . &
Ry .
405 .
8 .
Making an instrument in a fictitious name ,
or the name of a non -
existing person ,
is equally a forgery ,
as making it in the name of au existing person ;
2 East ,
P .
C .
957 ;
2 Russ .
on Cr .
328 ;
and although a man may make the instrument in his own name ,
if he represent it as the instrument of another of the same name ,
when in fact there is no such person ,
it will be a forgery in the name of a non -
existing person .;
2 Leach ,
775 ;
2 East ,
P .
C .
963 ;
but the correctness of this decision has been doubted .
Rosc .
Cr .
Ev .
384 .
9 .
Though ,
in general ,
a party cannot be guilty of forgery by a mere non -
feasance ,
yet ,
if in drawing a will ,
he should fraudulently omit a legacy ,
which he had been directed to insert ,
and by the omission of such bequest ,
it would cause a material alteration in the limitation of a bequest to another ;
as ,
where the omission of a devise of an estate for life to one ,
causes a devise of the same lands to another to pass a present estate which would otherwise have passed a remainder only ,
it would be a forgery .
Moor ,
760 ;
Noy ,
101 ;
1 Hawk .
c .
70 ,
s .
6 ;
2 East ,
P .
C .
856 ;
2 Russ .
on Cr .
320 .
10 .
It may be observed ,
that the offence of forgery may be complete without a publication of the forged instrument .
2 East ,
P .
C .
855 ;
3 Chit .
Cr .
L .
1038 .
11 . -
2 .
With regard to the thing forged ,
it may be observed ,
that it has been holden to be forgery at common law fraudulently to falsify ,
or falsely make records and other matters of a public nature ;
1 Rolle '
s Ab .
65 ,
68 ;
a parish register ;
1 Hawk .
c .
70 ;
a letter in the name of a magistrate ,
the governor of a gaol ,
directing the discharge of prisoner .
6 Car . &
P .
129 ;
S .
C .
25 Eng .
C .
L .
R .
3 1 5 .
12 .
With regard to private writings ,
it is forgery fraudulently to falsify or falsely to make a deed or will ;
1 Hawk .
b .
1 ,
c .
70 ,
s .
10 or any private document ,
whereby another person may be prejudiced .
Greenl .
Rep .
365 ;
Addis .
R .
33 ;
2 Binn .
R .
322 ;
2 Russ .
on Or .
b .
4 ,
c .
32 ,
s .
2 ;
2 East ,
P .
C .
861 ;
3 Chit .
Cr .
Law ,
1022 to 1038 .
13 . -
3 .
The intent must be to defraud another ,
but it is not requisite that any one should have been injured it is sufficient that the instrument forged might have proved prejudicial .
3 Gill &
John .
220 ;
4 W .
C .
C .
R .
726 .
It has been holden that the jury ought to infer an intent to defraud the person who would have to pay the instrument ,
if it were genuine ,
although from the manner of executing the forgery ,
or from the person '
s ordinary caution ,
it would not be likely to impose upon him ;
and although the object was general to defraud whoever might take the instrument ,
and the intention of the defrauding in particular ,
the person who would have to pay the instrument ,
if genuine ,
did not enter into the contemplation of the prisoner .
Russ . &
Ry .
291 ;
vide Russ ..
on Cr .
b .
4 ,
c .
32 ,
s .
3 ;
2 East ,
P .
C .
853 ;
1 Leach ,
367 ;
2 Leach ,
775 ;
Rosc .
Cr .
Ev .
400 .
14 .-
4 .
Most ,
and perhaps all the states in the Union ,
have passed laws making certain acts to be forgery ,
and the national legislature has also enacted several on this subject ,
which are here referred to .
Act of March 2 ,
1803 ,
2 Story '
s L .
U .
S .
888 ;
Act of March 3 ,
1813 ,
2 Story '
s L .
U .
S .
1304 Act of March 1 ,
1823 ,
3 Story '
s L .
U .
S .
1889 ;
Act of March 3 ,
1825 ,
3 Story '
s L .
U .
S .
2003 ;
Act of October 12 ,
1837 ,
9 Laws U .
S .
696 .
15 .
The term forgery ,
is also applied to the making of false or counterfeit coin .
2 Virg .
Cas .
356 .
See 10 Pet .
613 ;
4 Wash .
C .
C .
733 .
For the law respecting the forgery of coin ,
see article Money .
And for the act of congress punishing forgery in the District of Columbia ,
see 4 Sharsw .
Cont ,
of Story '
s Laws U .
S .
2234 .
Vide ,
generally ,
Hawk .
b .
1 ,
c .
51 and 70 ;
3 Chit .
Cr .
Law ,
1022 to 1048 ;
4 Bl .
Com .
247 to 250 ;
2 East ,
P .
C .
840 to 1003 ;
2 Russ .
on Cr .
b .
4 ,
c .
32 ;
13 Vin .
Ab .
459 ;
Com .
Dig .
h .
t .;
Dane '
s Ab .
h .
t .
Williams '
Just .
h .
t .
Burn '
s Just .
h .
t .;
Rose .
Cr .
Ev .
h .
t .;
Stark .
Ev .
h .
t .
Vide article Frank .
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